Adefioye, O.J., Weinreich, J., Rödiger, S., Schierack, P. and Olowe, O.A. (2020). Phylogenetic Characterization and Multilocus Sequence Typing of Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli from Food-Producing Animals, Beef, and Humans in Southwest Nigeria.  Microb Drug Resist. 2020 Jun 9. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0397.

 Afoakwa, P., Domfeh, S.A, Afranie, B.O, Owusu, D.O, Donkor, S., Sakyi, K.K., Adom, R.A., Kyeremeh, G., Okyere, B.A., Acheampong, E., Amoah, B. (2018).  Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Anti-Microbial Susceptibility Patterns among Women of Reproductive Age. A Cross-Sectional Study in Primary Care, Ghana. Med Sci (Basel).2018 Dec 17;6(4):118. doi: 10.3390/medsci6040118.

Ajayi, A.O., Oluduro, O., Olowe, O.A., Famurewa, O. (2010). Susceptibility of faecal isolates of commensal Escherichia coli from cattle to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins. International Journal of Molecular Medicine and Advanced Sciences. 2010 6(2) 43-48.

Akinloye, A.O., Adefioye, J.O., Adekunle, C.O., Anomneze, B.U., Makanjuola, O.B., Onaolapo, O.J., Onaolapo, A.Y., Olowe, O.A. (2021).  Multidrug-Resistance Genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Wound Infections in a Tertiary Health Institution in Osogbo, Nigeria. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2021;21(1):90-98. doi: 10.2174/1871526520666200117112241.

Awole, D.O. and Ibadin, O. K. (2008). Incidence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus amongst patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) in UBTH Benin City, Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2008; 7(11)

Bhugra, A., Gachinmath, S.(2021) Significant bacteriuria among requested repeat urine samples and its clinical correlation. Iran J Microbiol. 2021 Oct;13(5):592-601. doi: 10.18502/ijm.v13i5.7421.

Brooke, J.S., Di Bonaventura, G., Berg, G., et al.,(2017) Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Mechanisms of resistance and epidemiology. Future Microbiol. 2017; 12:251-264. doi:10.2217/fmb-2016-0133

Chieng, C. C., Kong, Q., Liou, N. S., Khasriya, R., and Horsley, H. (2023). The clinical implications of bacterial pathogenesis and mucosal immunity in chronic urinary tract infection. Mucosal Immunology.2023, 16(1) 61-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mucimm.2022.12.003

Ciofu, O., and Tolker-Nielsen, T. (2019). Tolerance and resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms to antimicrobial agents—how P. aeruginosa can escape antibiotics. Frontiers in microbiology. 2019, 10, 913.

Cox, D. (2015). Antibiotic resistance: the race to stop the silent tsunami facing modern medicine. The Guardian.

Doubra, P. O., Obakpororo K.O., and Agbagwa E. (2022). Tetracycline-Resistant Genes in Escherichia coli from Clinical and Non-clinical Sources in Rivers State, Nigeria. International Journal of Microbiology, 2022, Article ID 9192424,https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9192424

Exner, M., Bhattacharya, S., Christiansen, B., Gebel, J., Goroncy-Bermes, P., Hartemann, P., and Trautmann, M. (2017). Antibiotic resistance: What is so special about multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria? GMS hygiene and infection control, 2017. 12.

Foster-Nyarko, E., and Pallen, M. J. (2022). The microbial ecology of Escherichia coli in the vertebrate gut. FEMS microbiology reviews, 46(3), fuac008.

Gajic, I.; Kabic, J.; Kekic, D.; Jovicevic, M.; Milenkovic, M.; Mitic Culafic, D.; Trudic, A.; Ranin, L.; Opavski, N. (2022) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: A Comprehensive Review of Currently Used Methods. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 427. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11040427

Gebremariam, G., Legese, H., Woldu, Y., Araya, T., Hagos, K., and Gebreyesus-Wasihun, A. (2019). Bacteriological profile, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of symptomatic urinary tract infection among students of Mekelle University, northern Ethiopia. BMC infectious diseases, 2019, 19 :1-11.

Grossman TH. Tetracycline Antibiotics and Resistance. (2016). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2016 Apr 1;6(4): a025387. doi: 10.1101/

Hedayatianfard, K., Akhlaghi, M. and Sharifiyazdi, H. (2014). Detection of tetracycline resistance genes in bacteria isolated from fish farms using polymerase chain reaction. Veterinary research forum: an international quarterly journal, 5(4), 269–275.

Khavandi, S., Arzanlou, M., Teimourpour, R., Peeridogaheh, H. (2022) Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Carbapenems Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Patients with Urinary Tract Infections in Ardabil Province, Iran. Iran J Pathol. 17(3):261-267. doi: 10.30699/IJP.2022.538613.2716.

Kidwai, S.S., Nageen, A., Ghaznavi, S., Bashir, F., Ara, J.(2017) Antibiotic susceptibility in commonly isolated pathogens from urinary tract infection in a cohort of subjects from low socioeconomic strata. Pak J Med Sci. Mar-Apr;33(2):254-259. doi: 10.12669/pjms.332.11569.

Koren, J., Hubenakova, Z., Drahovska, H., Ozaee, E., Markuskova, B., Lichvarikova, A. (2019). Emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) and their antimicrobial resistance. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2019;120(12):935-940. doi: 10.4149/BLL_2019_157.

Kot, B. (2019). Antibiotic resistance among uropathogenic. Polish journal of microbiology, 68(4), 403-415.

Lee, D. S., Lee, S. J., & Choe, H. S. (2018). Community-acquired urinary tract infection by Escherichia coli in the era of antibiotic resistance. BioMed research international, 2018.

Mandell, G. L, Bennett, J.E and Dolin, R. (2005). Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Churchill Livingstone, 881-882.

Medina, M., Castillo-Pino, E. (2019). An introduction to the epidemiology and burden of urinary tract infections. Ther Adv Urol. May 2;11:1756287219832172. doi: 10.1177/1756287219832172.

Mendes, R. E., Castanheira, M., Toleman, M. A., Sader, H. S., and Jones, R. N. (2020). Genomic features of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: Long-term stability in clinical samples and reduced susceptibility to ceftazidime-avibactam and aztreonam-avibactam. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 64(7), e00254-20.

Morita, Y., Tomida, J., Kawamura, Y. (2014) Responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antimicrobials. Front Microbiol. Jan 8;4:422. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00422. PMID: 24409175; PMCID: PMC3884212.

Odewale, G., Jibola-Shittu, M. Y., Ojurongbe, O., Olowe, R. A., and Olowe, O. A. (2023). Genotypic Determination of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases and Carbapenemase Production in Clinical Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Southwest Nigeria. Infectious disease reports, 15(3), 339–353. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr15030034

Olowe, O. A. (2012) Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria,  General Approach. International journal of Pharma medicine and biological  sciences, IJPMBS. 2012, Oct, 1(2): 1 – 25

Olowe, O.A., Idris, O.J., Taiwo, S.S. (2013). Prevalence of tet genes mediating tetracycline resistance in Escherichia coli clinical isolates in Osun State, Nigeria. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp). 2013 Jun;3(2):135-140. doi: 10.1556

Olowe, O.A., Okanlawon, B.M., Olowe, R.A., Olayemi, A.B. (2008). Antimicrobial resistant pattern of Escherichia coli from human clinical samples in Osogbo, South-Western Nigeria. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2: 8-11

Onu, F. A., Ajah, L. O., Ezeonu, P. O., Umeora, O. U. J., Ibekwe, P. C., and Ajah, M. I. (2015). Profile and microbiological isolates of asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Infection and drug resistance, 8, 231.

Patel, G., Huprikar, S., Factor, S.H., Jenkins, S.G., Calfee, D.P.(2008) Outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection and the impact of antimicrobial and adjunctive therapies. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29(12):1099-1106. doi:10.1086/591065.

Popoola, O. D., Agu, G. C., Oyeyipo, F. M., and Thomas, B. T. (2019). Biochemical and bacteriological profiles of asymptomatic bacteriuria among school children in Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria. , Afr. J. Clin. Exper. Microbiol. 2019; 20 (4): 299-305

Roos, V., Ulett, G.C., Schembri, M.A. and Klemm, P. (2006) The asymptomatic bacteriuria Escherichia coli strain 83972 outcompetes uropathogenic E. coli strains in human urine. Infect Immun. 2006 Jan;74(1):615-24. doi: 10.1128/IAI.74.1.615-624.2006.

Smith, A. and Jones, B.(2003) Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Escherichia coli: a retrospective analysis. J Med Microbiol. 2003

Thass, N., M. Kumar and R. Kaur. (2019). Prevalence and antibiogram of bacterial pathogens causing urinary tract infection in a tertiary care hospital. Int. J. Med.Sci. Public Health, 8: 53-57.

Ullah, M. A., Barman, A., Siddique, M. A. and Haque, A. K. M. E. (2007). Prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and its consequences in pregnancy in a rural community of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin, 33(2), 60-64.

Yang, X., Chen, H., Zheng, Y., Qu, S., Wang, H., Yi, F. (2022). Disease burden and long-term trends of urinary tract infections: A worldwide report. Front Public Health. 27(10):888205. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.888205.

Zhang, X., Li, X., Zhou, Y., Ji, J., Yin, M., Wang, Y. and Zhou, D. (2019). Molecular characteristics and epidemiology of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates from rural areas in Shandong Province, China. BMC Infectious Diseases, 19(1), 1-11.